Qatar Country Risk

Executive Summary The study entails a critical country risk analysis on Qatar. The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of risk that Exin Global might encounter by entering the Qatari market. The study focuses on different categories of risk. The core categories include the firm-specific risk or the micro risk, country-specific risk and global specific risks. The firm-specific risk identifies the political risks that the firm might encounter in the host country.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Qatar Country Risk specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The likelihood of encountering goal conflict by entering into the target market is minimal because of the support given to foreign investments. The Qatari government promotes foreign investment through the foreign investment law. Moreover, the company’s success in the new market will also arise from the strong cultural and institutional frameworks. For e xample, the legal framework in Qatar promotes investment by enacting intellectual property laws hence protecting innovation. An efficient banking and financial system further characterize the country and it promotes currency convertibility. The high rate of globalization, an increase in environmental concern such as climate change, and cyber crime might affect the firm’s operational efficiency both in the local and foreign markets. Introduction Domestic and international market expansion is one of the most effective ways through which companies can achieve profit and wealth maximization. Exin Global is a multinational corporation established in the UAE’s consumer goods industry. The company specializes in the manufacture of household care products. The company’s Chief Executive Officer is interested in the company’s growth through international market expansion. The CEO is specifically interested in the firm’s expansion into Qatar as one of the eme rging economies. However, some of the firm’s directors are concerned with the business risk exposure that might arise from venturing into some countries. This aspect underscores the importance of understanding the country risk before the firm’s actual market entry. As a member of the company’s Business Development Committee, I have been tasked with the role of providing a broad country risk analysis for the most viable country that the firm should consider entering. PESTLE analysis of Qatar Political and legal environment Qatar has adopted a monarchical system of government. Moreover, the Qatar government identifies investment and international trade as one of the fundamental components in promoting a country’s economic growth. Subsequently, the country is characterized by minimal bureaucracies that hinder foreign investment.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF L earn More The Qatar government through the Ministry of Economy and Commerce has simplified the procedures required for foreign investors to establish a business in Qatar. However, foreign businesses are required to apply for a license from the relevant government departments depending on their intended business activity. Qatar has established strong political relations with foreign countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. Economic environment Qatar has depicted remarkable economic growth over the past decades. The country’s Gross Domestic Product has increased substantially as illustrated by graph 1 below. The growth in GDP is a strong indicator of the country’s positive economic performance. Thus, the consumers’ purchasing power has grown substantially due to growth in the per capita income. Graph 1: GDP in Qatar (â€Å"Trading Economics† par. 3) Social Environment The country’s social structure has changed substantially. The count ry’s society does not have cases of discrimination against foreign companies. For example, the country’s population has increased from 0.97 million in 2006 to 2.27 in 2014. The increase in the population indicates a potential growth in demand for consumer goods. Thus, the company might be able to generate the intended level of sales revenue. Graph 2: Population growth in Qatar (â€Å"Trading Economics† par.5)Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Qatar Country Risk specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technological environment Qatar is characterized by strong infrastructural development such as transport and communication networks. The developments have remarkably improved the level of efficiency of conducting business in the country. Environment The Qatar government has implemented a strict legislation aimed at curtailing carbon emission. The motive of such legislation is to limit climate change. T herefore, the government is pressuring manufacturing companies to implement effective strategies aimed at reducing carbon emissions. Failure to comply with the law might result in a fine. Country risk analysis Krummel affirms that country risk is comprised of four main environments that include the political, debt manageability, anthropological and the economic risk (27). Subsequently, understanding the country risk analysis is essential determining the probability of multinational enterprises succeeding or failing in the in the international market. Thus, conducting country risk analysis is vital in evaluating a multinational enterprise capacity to generate cash flow. Therefore, country risk analysis is essential to improving the MNCs capacity in making long-term financial or investment decisions. Country risk varies across different countries. Subsequently, evaluating country risk enables MNCs to determine the most feasible foreign market to enter (Madura 439). Political risk The political risk in Qatar can be defined as moderate. First, the government is focused on promoting international trade. Subsequently, the Qatar government has ensured ease of currency convertibility by eliminating foreign exchange controls or restrictions. Therefore, foreign investors in Qatar can easily remit their profits to the parent country without any restrictions. Additionally, foreign investors operating in Qatar are not restricted to convert local currency into foreign currency. Therefore, Exin Global operations in Qatar will not be hindered by external currency inconvertibility. Rochon and Rossi assert that external currency inconvertibility occurs if foreign residents are limited from converting local currency into foreign currency (125). The ease of currency convertibility in the country is further increased by the country’s banking system. Qatar is characterized by an elaborate banking system and regulatory system. Qatar is currently in the process of implementing the Basel Standards to establish a strong banking system.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Financial risk factor One of the essential indicators of a country’s financial risk entails the interest rate. The rate of interest influences the cost of sourcing debt finance from commercial banks. The Qatar government has managed to maintain the rate of interest rate below 10%. In 2014, the World Bank estimated the lending interest rate to be 4.96%, which is substantially low. The graph below illustrates the trend in the country’s rate of interest from 2006 to 2014. Graph 3: Interest rate in Qatar (â€Å"Trading Economics† par. 2) The low rate of interest indicates that the country is likely to experience significant economic growth due to the ease with which businesses access financial credit. Moreover, the country is characterized by a moderate rate of inflation as illustrated by graph 3. The average rate of inflation in Qatar between 2005 and 2015 is estimated to be 3.48%. The country experiences fluctuations in the rate of inflation. In June 2008, the co untry’s rate of inflation reached its highest point at 16.59%. However, Qatar has managed to lower the rate of inflation significantly. By the end of October 2015, the rate of inflation in Qatar was estimated to be 1.7%, which is considerably low. Graph 4: Rate of inflation in Qatar (â€Å"Trading Economics† par. 6) The rate of inflation has a significant effect on the operation of Multinational Corporation. Sharan posits that if a â€Å"multinational company exports its products to countries characterized by high inflation rather than setting up a manufacturing unit in there, the exports are more likely to have a high competitive edge† (214). The low rate of inflation in Qatar is a strong indicator of the enabling economic environment in the country. Subsequently, Exin Global is likely to gain a high competitive edge by establishing a manufacturing unit in the country. In addition to the low cost of manufacturing, Exin Global is likely to benefit from the resu lting low consumer price index because of the low rate inflation. The Qatar economy has been characterized by a marginal change in the consumer price index as illustrated by graph 5 below. Graph 5: Consumer Price Index (â€Å"Trading Economics† par.5) The marginal change in the CPI indicates that the cost of living in Qatar has not increased significantly. Hence, the firm will benefit from the high consumer purchasing power. Consumers in Qatar will be in a position to afford Exin Global products. Therefore, the demand for consumer goods is likely to be stimulated. Similar to other countries in the Gulf region, Qatar has adopted a fixed exchange regime. The rationale behind the adoption of the fixed exchange regime is to ensure the stability of the country’s currency. Currently, the fixed rate of exchange is pegged at QAR 3.64=USD 1. The Qatar government expects the exchange rate to remain stable until the end of 2016 (â€Å"Trading Economics† par.8). By establi shing business operations in Qatar, Exin Global is likely to achieve the desired sales growth in sales. The growth in sales will arise from the stable exchange rate. Assessment of risk factors Macro-assessment of country risk Macro-political risk According to Madura, macro assessment of country risk entails consideration of the diverse variables that are likely to affect country risk (253). Undertaking a macro-assessment of country risk will give Exin Global a broad understanding of the general factors that are likely to affect the company’s operation in the host country. The degree of political risk in a country influences the performance and ease with which multinational corporations conduct business operations in the foreign market. Qatar is located in a region characterized by a significant level of instability and social unrest. One of the notable sources of social unrest relates to the recent Arab Spring that led to the emergence of new political regimes. Moreover, the rate of terrorism in the region is substantially high. The prevalence of these issues in the region might adversely affect investor confidence. Despite the cases of terrorism and social unrest in the MENA region, Qatar is characterized by minimal political unrest (â€Å"AMB Country Risk Report† 3). Therefore, the level of investor confidence in Qatar has not been affected adversely. Due to the minimal cases of social unrests in Qatar, Exin Global is likely to operate smoothly in the host country. Moreover, the likelihood of encountering loss due to social unrest is significantly low. Despite Qatar’s ranking amongst the peaceful countries in the MENA region, the sustainability of the peaceful conditions in the country remains to be a balancing act. The country has enacted foreign policies aimed at supporting the Muslim Brotherhood in the MENA region, specifically in Egypt (Hawser par. 5). The country’s foreign policy position might lead to the emergence of distru st amongst countries in the GCC and MENA regions. This aspect might affect the ability of the subsidiary firm established by Exin Global in Qatar capacity to export its products to the neighboring countries. Macro-financial risk Qatar’s economy is largely dependent on revenue generated from oil production. Qatar is the global leader concerning the production and exportation of liquefied natural gas. Over 90% of the country’s budget is funded using revenue generated from the exportation of oil (Parasie par.4). In spite of past positive economic performance, Qatar’s economy might be affected by fluctuation in global oil prices. A recent evaluation of the country’s economic performance by the International Monetary Fund [IMF] indicates that Qatar might experience budget deficit due to the low oil prices currently being experienced n the oil producing countries. Parasie asserts that the oil generating economies are characterized by booms and bursts (par. 5). The occurrence of a budget deficit might make the Qatari government consider increasing corporate and income taxes to cater for the budget deficit. Increasing the tax rate might adversely affect influence the company’s capacity to generate sales revenue due to a reduction in the consumers’ purchasing power. Micro-assessment The political risk affecting the fast moving consumer goods industry in Qatar is relatively low because of the support offered by the government. The Qatar government has established free economic zones such as the Doha Industrial Estate. The rationale of the Doha Industrial Estate is to promote the establishment of medium and light scale industries. Furthermore, the Qatar government offers investors in the free economic zones a tax holiday depending on the nature of their manufacturing activities. Therefore, Exin Global might benefit from establishing a manufacturing unit within the designated free economic zones. For example, the tax holiday will culminate to a reduction in the cost of operations. Subsequently, the firm will be able to establish operations in Qatar. Techniques for assessing country risk To assess the country risk, it is imperative for the company’s management team to undertake an extensive country risk assessment. First, Exin Global management team should conduct a comprehensive reconnaissance on the new market. The firm can achieve this goal by sending the Business Development Committee members to Qatar to assess the attractiveness of the market. During the inspection visits, the Committee should interview government officials, consumers, and industry executives on the uncertainties that are likely to be encountered in the target country. The firm might conduct a quantitative analysis by evaluating the historical data. This move will play a critical role in determining how the firm is sensitive to risk the risk factors. Moreover, the Business Development Committee should further consider integrating the Delphi technique. Under this technique, the organization should seek the independent opinion of industry analysts or experts regarding the country risk. The Delphi technique is critical to understanding the perceived country risk (Madura 450). Alternatively, the business might consider developing a checklist to be used in rating the risk factors. Based on rating, Qatar can be defined to be relatively stable as illustrated in Table 2 below. The table shows that the overall assessment of the country’s risk is stable as indicated by a comparison between the previous and current rating. Measuring country risk Before making the decision on the most appropriate foreign country to enter, the company’s management may consider comparing country risk rating. Based on this approach, the company’s management team will be able to make a decision on the most attractive country to enter. In this case, a comparison of the risk rating between Qatar and Kuwait shows that Qata r is the most attractive market. The overall assessment of Qatar has remained stable with a rating of B while that of Kuwait has declined from a rating of B to C. Qatar Kuwait Risk ratings Current Current Previous Previous Current Previous Previous Previous Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Overall assessment B 29 B 28 C 41 B 40 Government effectiveness risk C 46 C 46 D 68 D 68 Labor market risk C 43 C 43 C 57 C 57 Legal regulatory risk B 40 B 40 C 55 C 55 Foreign trade payments risk A 11 A 11 B 21 B 21 Labor market risk C 43 C 43 C 57 C 57 Tax policy risk A 19 A 19 B 31 B 31 Financial risk B 33 B 29 B 29 B 29 Security risk A 14 A 11 A 18 A 14 Macroeconomic risk A 15 A 20 B 30 A 20 Table 2: Comparison of country risk (â€Å"Economic Intelligence Unit† par.8) The rating scores range between 1 and 100, where a score of 100=most risky. Similarly, a rating of E represents the riskiest factor. Incorporating country risk in capital budgeting The company should further consider integrating country risk in its capital budgeting process. The rationale of integrating country risk in the capital budgeting process is to assess the likelihood of generating and sustaining positive returns in the long-term. To achieve this goal, the company may consider determining the adjusted cash flow and discount rate. The adjustment of estimated cash flow will enable the company to assess how its cash flows will be affected by the country risk in Qatar. Alternatively, integrating the country risk is also essential in the company’s effort to determine the most appropriate discount rate that the firm should consider in determining project cash flows. Importance of country risk analysis to Exin Global The process of undertaking country risk analysis will play a critical role in the company’s effort to evaluate the capacity to generate sales revenue by entering in Qatar. Understanding the country’s labor market r isk will enable the firm to determine the ease of sourcing and developing a strong human capital from the host country. Moreover, country risk analysis will aid in the determination of the ease of undertaking sales and manufacturing activities in Qatar. The attainment of this goal arises from the determination of different issues such as the degree of corruption, bureaucracy, the host government attitude to foreign investors and blockage of fund transfers. Minimizing country risk Exin Global should consider minimizing country risk by complying with the laws and regulations specified by the host government. Alternatively, the company should consider sourcing human capital from the host country. The company may consider customizing its products to meet the local market needs. This move will aid in ensuring that it products gain a high level of market acceptability. Effect of risk on the firm’s profitability The degree of country risk has a significant effect on the profitabilit y of MNCs. An economy characterized by a high country risk due to cases of security and political unrest means that country might not undertake sales and manufacturing activities without disruptions. Subsequently, the level of profitability might be reduced substantially. Moreover, political unrest might lead to loss of the company’s property hence stalling manufacturing activities. Actions taken by the government to protect the industry The Qatar government promotes foreign investment in the consumer goods industry through the enactment of the Foreign Capital Investment Law. According to the law, foreign companies operating in Qatar are not subject to expropriation. Additionally, the Qatar government does not restrict foreign companies from transferring equity ownership to either local or foreign investors. In addition to the above issues, the Qatar government protects foreign investors by enacting the intellectual property rights. Thus, investors can undertake product inven tion and innovation in the country. Conclusion International market expansion presents one of the most effective strategies that profit-oriented companies can adopt to achieve profit and wealth maximization. However, successful cross-border market expansion depends on how effective business executives understand the host country risk. Country risk analysis is critical in determining the degree of exposure that a multinational enterprise can encounter in the domestic and host country. It provides multinational corporations with a multidimensional view of the international business environment. Suggestions To enter the Qatar market, Exin Global should adopt different techniques in evaluating country risk. One of the most effective techniques entails cross-country rating to identify the most attractive market. Alternatively, the company should further undertake a continuous assessment of the country risk. The continuous assessment will provide the firm with insight on how the country r isks changes. Subsequently, it will be possible for the firm to undertake the necessary adjustments to its risk management processes. Works Cited AMB Country Risk Report: Qatar. 2015. PDF file. 2015. Web. Economic Intelligence Unit: Risk briefing; Qatar 2015. Web. Hawser, Anita. Report; Qatar faces geopolitical risk, 2012. Web. Krummel, Jacob. International banking business, Berlin: Drucker Humbolt, 2007. Print. Madura, Jeff. International financial management, Mason: Cengage, 2009. Print. Parasie, Nicolas. Qatar risks budget deficit in 2016 due to low oil prices, IMF says, 2015. Web. Trading Economics: Qatar 2015. Web. Rochon, Louis, and Sergio Rossi. The encyclopedia of central banking, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015. Print. Sharan, Vyuptakesh. International business; concepts, environment and strategy, Delhi: Pearson, 2006. Print. 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Article Review Topics #038; Ideas

Article Review Topics #038; Ideas Writing a well-developed article review is a great way to practice your analytical, reading, writing, and scientific skills. Nowadays, there is a significant number of captivating article review topics and ideas that allow presenting a strong central point and discussing some related ideas. Before you start, read thoroughly all the instructions provided by the professor and pay attention to the topics that are defined by the requirements. In addition, it is necessary to use provided guidelines that usually include a list of relevant literature, paper examples, and several interesting topics to research. Next, while reading the article, keep your focus on the main subject discussed by the author, as the majority of scholarly articles tend to evaluate a range of related theories, issues, and concerns, in this way, attracting the attention of the reader to many other similar subjects. Besides, the authors of such articles usually assume that the readers operate with background knowledge on the point, and, as a result, use sophisticated structures and discuss complicated issues. Therefore, it is highly recommended for the researcher to pay special attention to abstracts, summaries, and conclusions as they help to understand all the discussed information and write a well-developed and comprehensive article review. If you have some difficulties with completing the article review assignment, or you cannot think of proper topics and ideas, the following list of ideas and topics will help you to solve these issues and pick the most interesting one to research. Topic and Ideas for Article Review Below you can find examples of topics for article review: Communication Differences between Males and Females This topic for article review allows you to research gender peculiarities in communication. Search for the articles on the topic in scholarly journals and read them carefully in order to pick up the most interesting and informative. Next, provide a summary of the chosen article, evaluate the applied theories, research method, and discussion section, and provide comments on the results or the conclusion. The Importance of Sport for Students For sure, sport for students is of high importance as it allows young people to develop team spirit, make new friends, and improve their physical well-being. Therefore, you may search for the articles to review in peer-reviewed journals on health and education. In addition, some interesting articles may be found in specialized sports journals. On reading the article, it is necessary to summarize the covered material and provide a developed critique of facts, figures, and other information discussed by the author. Negative Health Effects Caused by Illegal Drugs and Substances In order to write a good article review on the topic, you should look through such journals as Nature Research: International Journal on Science, American Journal of Public Health, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, and others. These journals are reliable sources that provide a number of peer-reviewed articles on illegal drugs written by leading researchers, professors, and practicing specialists. On reading the article, summarize it and discuss the described negative health effects caused by illegal drugs and substances. You may also identify some contradictions or inconsistencies found in the article and think of topics for future research grounded on the discussed information. Use of Drugs in Professional Sports It is not a secret that famous professional sportsmen use different drugs in order to build stamina and perform better results. The articles on this particular subject may be found in The Sport Journal, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, and Journal of Sport Management. Provide a summary of the chosen article evaluate the provided facts, in this way, developing an informative article review on the provocative topic. Street Art Tendencies in the USA Street art is a popular stream of visual art that is characterized by different graffiti forms, poster art, installations, and sculptures. The articles on these captivating topics may be found in The Street Art Urban Creativity Scientific Journal, The Art Journal, and The Art World. Read the article carefully and provide a comprehensive summary of street art tendencies in the USA. Evaluate the supportive illustrations and pieces of evidence, defining the informative value of the source and specifying the art tendencies in the nearest future. Obesity and Its Negative Effects on Health Nowadays, obesity is one of the most spread medical conditions characterized by negative effects on health. Therefore, it is a great topic to write an informative article review and provide the evaluation of future tendencies. Valuable articles on the point may be found in such peer-reviewed journals as International Journal of Obesity, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, and others. Causes and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Nowadays, infectious diseases like pneumonia, influenza, strep throat, and others are widely spread and treated with various antiviral medication. These diseases can be spread in direct and indirect ways, being transmitted from one person to another is short periods of time. For that reason, it is a captivating topic to research as it allows discussing the main causes of infectious diseases and evaluating the most efficient ways of treatment. The articles to review may be found in a range of periodicals including The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, and many others. Ethnic Music Ethnic music is a great topic to review as it allows discovering a lot of interesting information on the ways of expressing historical differences and performing identities in the international urban society. The articles on this topic may discuss the ethnic music of new immigrants, different religious communities, and working-class pieces of music. The articles on ethnic music may be found in The Folk Music Journal, Journal of World Popular Music, and Journal of the International Folk Music Council. Illegal Immigration in the USA The topic of illegal immigration in the USA appears to be one of the most discussed by the American government these days. The official figures of the illegal immigration provided in the government reports are impressive; however, the real number of illegal immigrants is reported to be much higher. Therefore, illegal immigration in the USA is a great topic to discuss as it allows discovering a lot of valuable information on the point. The related articles may be found in The Journal of Economic Literature, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, and The European journal of American studies. Gender Roles and Their Change in the Modern World Because of globalization, gender roles tend to change, having a significant impact on social, economic, and cultural aspects of international society. Numerous scholars and researchers examined this topic in their articles published in such journals as Sex Roles, Gender and Society, Social Politics, and others. On reading the chosen article, summarize the main points and evaluate them thoroughly, defining possible limitations and contradictions. Global Warming Global warming is an important issue that has been actively discussed by numerous specialists for several recent decades. The articles on this topic may be found in a range of American and international journals including The International Journal of Global Warming, The SciFed Journal of Global Warming, and The American Journal of Climate Change. Pick up the most interesting article, summarize the main points on global warming, and provide the evaluation of the supportive information. Multicultural Families Because of globalization, the number of multicultural families has increased considerably. This issue has been discussed in numerous articles published in Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, The Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, and Journal of Marriage and Family, and others. You may pick up the article on challenges faced by multicultural families, advantages and disadvantages of growing in such families, and adoption of children by multicultural couples. Racism Racism, racial inequality, and discrimination are captivating topics to research and review as they allow discovering a lot of valuable information on the Civil Rights Movement, evaluate the development of the law enforcement, and find numerous interesting historical facts. The related articles may be found in The Journal of World-Systems Research, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, American Journal of Public Health, and others. Pick up the article and summarize the information on racism, evaluate supportive facts and figures, and discuss its historical perspectives in the past century. Gun Violence in the USA Gun violence is one of the main causes of premature deaths in the territory of the USA. Because the considerations on this topic are usually controversial, it provides a lot of valuable ideas to research and review. Thus, you can discuss articles on mass shootings, gun violence against women, and gun violence against people of color. The articles on the point may be found in The American Journal of Nursing, Journal of Lancaster General Health, and Science Daily. Legalization of Marijuana Legalization of Marijuana is another topic that requires the author of the article review to evaluate the provided information, summarize it, and define some limitations and inconsistencies mentioned. The articles on the advantages and disadvantages of the legalization of marijuana may be found in The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, Journal of Nursing Regulation, and law journals. Alternative Medicine A range of practitioners all around the globe actively promotes alternative medicine. Because alternative medicine, also known as pseudo medicine, is not proven to be efficient, it is actively discussed by scientists, scholars, and researchers. The article for the review on the point may be found in a range of peer-reviewed journals: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, and African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. Alzheimers Disease Because Alzheimers disease continues to be one of the most spread chronic neurodegenerative diseases in the world, it is actively discussed by medical specialists, scientists, and researchers. Their well-developed articles on this disease may be found in the Journal of Alzheimers Disease, Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Parkinsonism, and The International Journal of Alzheimers Disease. On reading the article, discuss the possible limitations and evaluate the supportive facts and figures. Autism An autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that has been actively researched by numerous specialists from different countries. Because the disorder usually affects the ability of children to communicate and interact, it is highly important for medical researchers to discuss the possible solutions and treatment programs and evaluate them thoroughly. Numerous articles on the point may be found in specialized journals like Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Autism Research Journal, and others. On reading the article, it is necessary to summarize important facts and figures on autism, explain the main point of the author, and evaluate the information provided in conclusion. Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is an important issue actively discussed by the specialists as it causes global warming and provides significant harm to the natural environment. Articles on the point are written by experienced researchers and may be found in the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, and many others. Therefore, your review may include a summary of the article on the greenhouse effect, its evaluation, and some personal reflection on it. Recycling The problem of converting waste materials is growing, and the process of recycling is one of the best possible solutions provided for today. In this way, it is actively discussed by the specialists in a range of reliable sources that include Journal of Waste Resources and Recycling, International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, and Journal of Chemical Education. On reading the article, summarize it, provide the evaluation of possible advantages of recycling, and consider the limitations mentioned. Conclusion Writing an interesting and well-structured article review is not easy, as it requires you to find an article in a reliable source, read it thoroughly, evaluate the discussed information, and consider possible limitations. In addition, writing an article review requires you to utilize a set of writing and analytical skills, arrange the paper according to instructions, and meet all the requirements of the professor. At the same time, writing an article review allows discovering a lot of interesting and important information, comparing with the other sources, and define its scientific and academic value.

Music therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Music therapy - Essay Example Musical therapy is a health profession. It is an interpersonal process where the therapist, who is trained personnel, develops a relationship with his clients using music and all of its facets i.e. physical, emotional, mental, spiritual, and aesthetic aspects, enabling them to improve their health. They use musical experiences such as singing, songwriting, and listening, free improvisation, discussing to music and even moving to music to improve the healing process. The health issues in subject consist of cognitive functioning, emotional and affective development, behavioral and social skills, motor skills and, the quality of life. Music therapists can work in general hospitals, psychiatric facilities, schools, prisons, community centers, universities, and training institutes. Music therapist is in the hospital setup; work hand in hand with the physicians, psychologists, physical therapists and the occupational therapists. Individuals of all ages and those with specific requirements such as the stroke, sensory impairments, communication disorders, cancer, psychiatric disorders, those in palliative care and those in rehabilitation centers (recovering from substance abuse) benefit a lot form music. Apart from the entertainment they get from the music, they also get relaxed, improve their learning, build their self-esteem, reduce stress, support physical exercise and get composed which improves the healing process. Music therapy has its history back in the biblical times when David played the harp to get rid of an evil spirit, which was in King Saul. In 400, B.C, the Greek father of medicine played music to his mental patients. Music therapy began after World War I and II, where musicians would travel to hospitals to play music to soldiers who suffered from war-related trauma. Aristotle himself described music as an energy that purifies the emotions. While music is an art with a strong connection with mathematics, music therapy is an art and a science. Introductio n Music therapy has a strong relationship with play, creativity, use of the whole personality and individual discovery of one self. In fact, Winnicott (2005, p.120) claims that It is in playing and only in playing, which the individual adult or child develops the ability to be creative and utilize the whole personality, and the individual discovers the self only in being creative. Â  This is all that makes music therapy different from other professions. The item one creates should have some value accompanied with it. There exist a relation between personal intelligence and creativity, and every session involves the client in some kind of music experience. The various sessions include improvising, re-creating, composing, and listening to music. In improvising, the client comes up with his/her own music and starts singing whatever arises now.